Management Of The High Court - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The High Court is staffed mainly by High Court Judges, assisted as necessary by experienced barristers sitting temporarily as Deputy High Court Judges.  [1]  The High Court consists of two Chief Judges, one in Penisular Malaysia and one in Sabah and Sarawak. The High Court is split into three Divisions, which are Queens Bench Division, Family Division, and Chancery Division. Although High Court Judges are appointed to just one the three Divisions, any High Court Judge has the same powers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Of The High Court" essay for you Create order The jurisdiction of the High Court is original, appellate and supervisory. It containing unlimited criminal and civil powers in the exercise of the original jurisdiction .Any civil matter which cannot be determined in the subordinate court is heard before the High Court.  [2] The Court of Appeal constitutes the President of the Court of Appeal and up to ten Court of Appeal Judges. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear and determine any appeal against by High Court decision on criminal matters. Where an appeal has been heard and disposed of by the Court of Appeal, the Court of Appeal has no power to review the case. In the other words, Court of Appeal has no power to re-open, re-hear nor to re-examine its decision for whatever purpose. This principle found in Lye Thai Sang Anor.v.Faber Merlin (M) Sdn.Bhd. Ors.19A. Judicial Precedent refers to a judgment which is in a court of law cited as the authority for deciding a similar set of facts which happened previously.   [3]  The legal principle that serves as an authority in a case is embodied in its decision. From precedent to precedent, the common law has developed by broadening down. Judicial precedent is a decision of the court which is often used as a source to support the fact for the future decision making. This is also known as stare decisis (to stand upon decisions) by which the precedents are authoritative, binding and must be followed. As for Mr. Justice Peters case, it is involved under the judicial precedent. When Mr Justice Peter refers to cases, he must be able to differentiate between parts of the case that is binding and not binding. There are two cases whereby Mr. Justice Peter can choose to not apply precendents in his judgement. If the earlier precedent is arrived at per incuriam, which means that made in an ignorance of a stature or a binding precedent. Besides, where the case can be distinguished when he finds there are material differences in facts between his case and t he case that laying down the precedent. If Mr Justice Peter did not find any material differences in the case, it means he is bound to the original precedent. However, if the decision made by the judge in the court of appeal is made under ignorance then Mr Justice Peter may not be able to apply the original precedent. There are two circumstances whereby he can choose to not apply precendents in his judgement. First, a stature or a binding precedent will be ignored if the earlier precedent is arrived at per incuriam. Second, Mr Justice Peter can distinguish the case when he able to find there are material differences in facts between the case before him and case the laying down the precedent. If he did not find any material differences in the case, then he will just bound to the original precedent. However, Mr Justice Peter may be able to ignore the original precedent if the decision made by the judges in the courts of appeal is made under ignorance. According to the hierarchy of the court, Mr. Justice Peter is bound with the decision that has been made by the other judge like Federal Court and Court of Appeal. This is because Mr. Justice Peter is a high court judge. The decision made by Federal Court and Court of Appeal must be followed because Mr. Justice Peter is in the lower court. He will be bound with the decision that has been made by the judge in the Court of Appeal since both cases have similar material facts. If he applies the existing law, he is practising declaratory precedent. Hierarchy of the Courts Federal Court Court of Appeal Court of Appeal Court of Appeal High Court (Malaysia) High Court (Sabah Sarawak) Syariah Court Syariah Court Native Court Sessions Court Juvenile Court Sessions Court Magistrates court Juvenile Court Magistrates Court Penghulus Court Question 1(b) Definition of Case Law: Case law which means reported the decisions for selected appellate and other courts, which named courts of first impression. It can make new interpretations of the law, therefore, it can be cited as precedents in a process known as stare decisis.  [4]  Courts decided the law applicable to case by interpreting statutes and applying certain precedents which record how and why prior cases have been decided in the tradition of common law. For example, both of the High Court and Court of Appeal are bound each other based on the previous decisions that was made by their own, but neither the County Courts nor the Supreme Court. Case law is the most often that created by the all judges in their rulings, when they are write for their own decisions. It also gives some reasoning behind of them, as well as can citing those precedents in other cases and statutes that they had bearing on their decision.  [5] How to make case law? The different ways that court render decisions made are created by the difference roles between the case law that it is in civil and common law traditions. The legal rationale behind the decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, it often an exegesis of the wider legal principles will be explained in details by common law courts. An analysis called ratio decidend, will then constitutes a precedent binding on other courts. However, decisions which in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short and referring only to statutes. The reason for this difference is about that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes, so that, in some cases, it is somewhat difficult to apply previous decisions to the facts presented in future cases. Strengths and Weaknesses of Case Law Strengths Flexible There are no two cases are exactly the same. If the difference between the instant case and the precedent are material, the court in the instant case can distinguish the previous case. Judges can develop law without waiting for parliament to enact legislation. To prevent precedents and enables the system to alter and to adapt into new situations, there is quite a number of ways to make it. In the other words, it is flexible to change society. Due to the reason of the difference in facts, the ratio decidend that was applied in the previous case is inapplicable to the instant case. Therefore, lawyers can predict outcome of case and advice clients. Save cost and time Judges may proceed faster while waiting for the Parliament to remedy or enact law in that certain area. The old and established issues do not have to be re-argued. This is because if the Parliament were to remedy or enact a law it might take months or even years which will increase the cost. In addition, it also save the expenses of court and reduces the Parliaments burden in dealing with all matters regarding law as most cases are argued on the facts but not the law. Consistent Case law is the law developed through appellate courts decisions of how the law applies to some certain facts and whether a set of the facts constitutes some kind of legal wrong.  [6]  Courts may try to follow the previous case or similar case, which called stasis decidend or precedent and will only change when they see the facts which different requiring different outcomes. Therefore, consistency will be provided in the legal system, so if have any one of the situation that is like others, it will be always viewed by the courts in the same way. The society is treated equally because when a case law is used, everyone that is involved in the same case but at different time will have the same treatment as long as the original precedent is not overruled. This is important to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public.  [7] Weaknesses Low effectiveness As judges will have to deal with many different types of cases where the volume of cases is constantly increasing, there will be too many case laws which make this very bulky and complex. Therefore, the judges and lawyers are compelled to engage in greater research which makes things very slow and expensive. Restriction of law development A case law is binding to lower courts and courts of the same level. Judges are bound to the law once created by a higher court until it is overruled by a higher court. It will create rigidity. It can be difficult to get the law change once courts establish a precedent. For example, it took over 50 years for the courts to change the law and decide that the idea of separate but equal laws regarding the races was wrong because things were never really equal and therefore were discriminatory  [8]  . Injustice Over-ruling is a higher court which can overrule a decision that made in an earlier case by a lower court e.g., the Court of Appeal can overrule an earlier High Court decision. The overruling of an earlier case may cause the injustice to those who have ordered their affairs in reliance on it.  [9]  However, the decision in the previous case is not actually changed itself. Precedent may produce justice in the individual case but injustice in the generality of cases. It would be undesirable to treat a number of claimants unjustly simply because one binding case had laid down an unjust rule.  [10] Unconstitionality At most of the time, judiciary are making law but not applying it. This is because there are too many similar cases reported in each year, making it difficult to match the precedent case that should be followed. Judiciary is lack of innovation because they must begin in common law at some point judges. Question 2 This is a case about offer, acceptance, revocation, withdrawal and counter offer between Steven and Tanny. In this case, there was mentioned about an owner of instrument shop who named Steven, he was the offeror when he advertised on newspaper. Based on his action, it is known as invitation to treat. The offeree, Tanny was decided to reject Stevens invitation to treat and make a new offer to Steven. However Steven rejected the offer, at the same time he had give Tanny a new offer with a time frame, and this known as counter offer. Although Tanny wish to accept the offer from Steven but he was too late due to the time frame given by Steven. This is known as revocation. A letter of acceptance was made by Tanny to Steven to propose a new offer. After a few days, Steven had received the offer letter from Tanny and he can decide whether accept or reject. On the 29 October 2010, Steven advertised in the New Focus Paper, Yamaha Piano latest model, excellent condition, RM 15,000, int erested please call 016 1234567. An advertistisement is usually an invitation to treat but it can be an offer, depending on its wording and on the circumstances this can refer to case Majunder v. Attorney- General of sarawak  [11]  , the Federal Court held that and advertisement in the newspaper for the post of a doctor was an invitation to treat. The advertisement was an invitation to treat, not an offer to sell: with limited stock the advertiser could not reasonably intend to be bound to sell to all those who might accept. In detail, invitations to treat (ITT)  [12]  is not a proposal but could be regarded as mere communication passed at the stage of negotiation. The court can held that advertisement of bilateral and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contract is defined as offer something directly to a particular person such as cases like Boulton v. Jones  [13]  ,Partridge v Crittenden  [14]  and Rooke v. Dawson  [15]  . Whereas the unilateral contract is know n as offer to anybody who are interested and the case of Carlil v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company  [16]  is example unilateral contract. By refer to case of Carlil v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company  [17]  , our case is classify as an unilateral contract because it offer to anybody who are interested. Under Malaysia law, the price tag which located on an item that was displayed in a shop window (or advertised through public media) is an invitation-to-treat but then not an offer to sale (the acceptance of which comprise a contract). Moreover, it means an invitation to receive offers and the crucial factor to determine whether it is an offer or an ITT is the intention of the parties. An offer is an undertaking by the offeror to be contractually bound in the event of a proper acceptance by the offeree. Based on section 2 (a) of the Contract Act 1950 states that when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the as sent of that other to the act or acceptance  [18]  , he is said to make a proposal. On the 1st November 2010, after Tanny test the piano, he offered RM 10,000 to buy the piano. Based on section 4(1) of the Contracts Act 1950, it stated that an offer must be communicated. The offer is made by Tanny when it is clear by words or actions, which he is prepared to be bound as soon as the offer is accepted by the person to whom it is made. An offer is quite different from invitation to treat, thought it is not always easy to distinguish the two. This can refer to case Taylor v Laird  [19]  . Based on section 2(c), the person who making the proposal is called promisor or offeror which is refer to Tanny and the other party Steven which involved is an offeree. Then Steven said I will not sell it below RM 14,000, counter-offers occurs. Counter offer  [20]  is an offer made in response to a previous offer by the other party during negotiations for a final contract. Making a count er offer automatically rejects the prior offer, and requires an acceptance under the terms of the counter offer or there is no contract. Base on case study of Hyde v Wrench  [21]  . A counter offer is not an acceptance and actually kills the original offer RM10,000 which offered by Tanny. Hence, the offer for piano with RM 10,000 no more exists and replaced by RM 14,000. Steven spoke out that I will not sell it to anyone else before 7th November 2010 but Tanny remains silence because of exception that are mean silence cannot assume as acceptance and Steven is giving time frame. After 7th November 2010, Steven can sell the piano to his potential customers. In this situation, postal rule occurred, this is a postal rule and can refer to Adams

The Social Work Of A Social Worker - 1551 Words

Under the social work profession, social workers embrace the principle of social justice and are committed to work toward achieving social change. In direct practice, social workers work with individuals living in poverty and subjected to all sorts of injustices. In social work, practitioners work in partnership with clients, when coming up with possible solutions to the presenting problems. It is important that in the process, social workers remain with a nonjudgmental attitude and look at how the person’s environment has been harmful to his or her life. For example, when a social worker is working with a homeless individual, it is crucial to â€Å"begin where the client is†, while assessing the client’s current needs. Homelessness continues to be a prevalent social issue that continues to affect the lives of many citizens and that social workers continue to advocate for change. During the past couple of years, homelessness has increased eminently, particularly in New York City. 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Commercialization of Organ Transplant Free Essays

Ethics Committee Jacqueline Denies Curry Strayed University Business Ethics 309 Instructor Dry. Harvey Weiss Market Shortage of Organs The purpose for the centralization of organs for transplant is to make able to provide the availability of organs for patients/people who are in pain, and suffering, and destined to die from the terminal illness of organ failure. The number of patients in need of organs is growing, and the zero policy for organ donors does not show a sufficient response to the growing need of patients needing organs for the terminal illness of organ failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercialization of Organ Transplant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the government does not condone the sale of human body organs there is evidence that financial incentives work, and would eliminate the organ market shortage. One financial incentive in suggestion, called the survivor benefits would help pay for the funeral costs, and give family donor recognition for being of service to fellow Americans (mm. ‘. Organ selling. Com. 2006). This may only appeal to families that do not have a burial policy for their deceased, and it is why it is helpful in increasing the supply of cadavers organs while bearing financial assistance in funeral arrangements for their love ones. Against the Centralization of Organs The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 is a ban on the purchase or sale of human organs because it would affect interstate commerce (organelle. Com, 2006). The Senate report simply stated, â€Å"It is the sense of the Committee that individuals, and organizations should not profit by the sale of human organs for transplantation† (organelle. Com, 2006). Criminal activity has entered the organ market in other countries where there has been reports of kidnapping, and murder of children, and adults to harvest their organs for sale, and in India organ trafficking y clinicians, managers, and clinician centers, middle men, and even state officials are under investigation for criminal acts. This raises a concern for the loss of lives of innocent people being victimized for monetary gain, and raises a question of doubt in the legitimacy of where, how, and from who was the organ obtained. My Position of Debate The advancement of medicine, and biotechnology achievements has made it possible to greater the procedure in the medical treatment from the terminal illness of organ failure. The loss of human dignity is the major concern when putting a price n human body parts, because of the threat of devaluing the life of a human being. My position on the debate of the centralization of organs for transplant is that organs should not be sold. Respectively, when we go to the hospital for broken bones, and infectious insect or animal bites are Just as fatal if medical treatment is not administered in a timely manner. Medical treatment is based on a need base, and organs for transplant should remain on a need bases. The best suggestions made in my opinion is by Lloyd Cohen, Ph. D. , J. D. Who states, â€Å"The best way to increase the supply of transplant organs is by establishing a future Market in cadavers organs†, by a contractual agreement, like the one we have here in Texas by signing the donor opt on the back of driver’s license or by approval from the family of a donor (organelle. Co, 2006), and also the suggestion made by Thomas G. Peters, M. D. Or the donation of an organ a financial incentive for burial expense that is called survivor benefits would help to increase the organ supply, while giving some financial relief to those who could not afford to purchase a burial plan for their loved en. While researching material for this assignment it has also been reported that a donor has donated three cadavers organs. My Moral Judgment with a Moral Argument I think that good will is the moral principle of an individual who has made the decision to donate a vital organ, and that it is a very personal, and private one. Also it should be made known to the family so that there is no misunderstanding about the procedure to remove a vital organ (s) after departure. Religious folk might be offended by thinking that the body is desecrated, but if informed before death embers of the family may be more likely to honor a donor’s agreement. The experience in knowing that a part of yourself has given some one the hope to survive a terminal illness to live life to the fullest of expectations is a rewarding acknowledgement of one’s own pure self-interest, and is what makes it a Justified one. The Kantian Normative Theory The Kantian Normative Theory best supports my conclusion. According to Kant goodwill is the unique human capacity to act from principle. The willingness to save a life after the finality of your own is right by weighing the ratio of good that the action would produce. The only consequence of the donor is that there is no longer a use for the organ (s) donated. The reasoning in wanting to help cure the illness of organ failure for goodness sake from the sense of duty is a true moral worth. Women unable to bear children because of organ failure who later had a successful organ transplant were able to experience the Joy of child birth. The concern of medication dosage is under observation for abnormality of child birth has thus far been premature birth. The reasoning for wanting to help cure a terminal illness for goodness sake from the sense of duty is a true moral thought. Conclusion In my conclusion I would like to mention a course study from last quarter, and it was World Religions. I learned that in every religion one seeks individual perfection during the course of their life time, and that most people reach that perfection before their finality in death. Eighty-three percent of individuals in the world has an affiliation with one or more sacred, and holy religions, and seventeen percent with no religion at all, and that most sacred scriptures are edited to teach the continuance of holy, and sacred ways as it pertains to the changing time or era. In those sacred religions the one common duty is to better humanity. How to cite Commercialization of Organ Transplant, Papers